A closer look at tuberculosis as it relates to raw milk. Tuberculosis (TB), or, as it was known in the days of old, consumption, has plagued us since before. The SDs listed above are for true transmitting abilities (TTAs) in a hypothetical unselected population. The SDs of TTAs for NM$, CM$, and FM$ are all. George Dery, a silk magnate, died in 1942 after losing his fortune in the Depression. He spent the later years of his life in a house across the street. Gleanings from 'The Kinmundy Express' 1910 'The Kinmundy Express'; Kinmundy, Illinois; F.O. Published Every Thursday; $1 Per Year in Advance. Everyday issues; Relationships; Can't see the right topic? Check out the All Forums page What would you like to say? Animal Improvement Program, Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD. Updated economic values . A fourth index called grazing merit (GM$) was introduced to rank animals for grazing herds along with the cheese merit (CM$) and fluid merit (FM$) indexes already calculated for herds in differing milk markets. These indexes previously included daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) and now also include heifer conception rate (HCR) and cow conception rate (CCR). Benefits of fertility not already included in productive life (PL) are earlier age at first calving; decreased units of semen needed per pregnancy; decreased labor and supplies for heat detection, synchronization, inseminations, and pregnancy checks; additional calves produced; and higher yields because more ideal lactation lengths are achieved. Recent decreases in the cost of replacements and increases in the beef price for cull cows have decreased the economic values of both PL and fertility traits as compared with the 2. The rapid decline of average somatic cell count (SCC) from 3. SCC caused by a 1- unit change in somatic cell score (SCS) and the actual genetic variation in SCC, with smaller differences among daughter averages of bulls. I do not understand why people spend so much money on protein powder which has 17g of protein/serving when you can buy a pint of skimmed milk for 40p which has around. Fill with ice, top with cold milk and garnish with an orange slice and a cinnamon stick. This cocktail can also be served hot. In exceptional cases, conclusive data may demonstrate that the hazard of an ingredient will not be evident (i.e., it does not present a health risk) when. 1910-1919; 1911 4; 7; 8; 1960-1969; 1964 14; 1970-1979; 1972 11; 17; 1978 8; 13; Briggs Initiative; 1980-1989; 1982 8; 1986 64; 65; 1988 98; 99; 1990-1999; 1994 187. The value of SCS thus has been reduced because milk quality premiums are paid as a linear function of SCC rather than SCS, and the standard deviation of SCC has decreased greatly. Yield traits will receive more relative emphasis if PL, SCS, and fertility get less emphasis, and slight revisions were made to component prices; however, the milk price is higher than forecast in 2. NM$. Economic values for calving ability (CA$, an index that includes service- sire calving ease, daughter calving ease, service- sire stillbirth, and daughter stillbirth), udder composite, feet/legs composite, and body size were updated only slightly. For recent bulls, the 2. NM$ indexes were correlated by 0. Economic values for grazing herds were examined by Gay et al. Pasture- based dairy producers in the United States face costs, revenue streams, and management challenges that may differ from those associated with conventional dairy production systems. The value of fertility in GM$ is higher than in NM$ because seasonal calving is used in many grazing herds. However, emphasis on productive life is decreased in GM$ because grazing cattle are estimated to remain in the herd considerably longer, which diminishes the marginal value of productive life. The milk price and several of the other costs in NM$ were assumed to be the same in GM$. For recent bulls, the GM$ index was correlated by 0. NM$, 0. 9. 82 with CM$, and 0. FM$. This document describes changes made for the 2. NM$. Further details regarding the calculation of NM$ and component traits are provided in the historical reports for previous revisions such as the 2. NM$ index. Members of Project SCC0. Genetic Selection and Mating Strategies To Improve the Well- Being and Efficiency of Dairy Cattle) provided updated incomes and expenses used to estimate lifetime profit. Updated economic values New economic values for each unit of predicted transmitting ability (PTA) and relative economic values of traits will be implemented with. December 2. 01. 4 evaluations: Trait. Units. Standarddeviation(SD)Value ($/PTA unit)Relative value (%)NM$CM$FM$GM$NM$CM$FM$GM$Protein. Pounds. 18. 4. 1. Fat Pounds. 25. 3. Milk. Pounds. 67. The SDs of TTAs for NM$, CM$, and FM$ are all estimated to. The SD for GM$ would have been larger because of longer PL in grazing herds, but milk yield differences are often reduced in grazing herds. Economic values in GM$ were rescaled to make the SD equal to the other indexes. An economic value is the added profit caused when a. For example, an economic value for protein is determined by holding. The genetic merit for each trait of. PL. The economic value of a trait may change when other. Selection of animals to be parents of. Relative values for each trait expressed as a percentage of total. SD for. TTA and then dividing each individual value by the sum of the absolute. Currently, stillbirth evaluations are computed only for Holsteins. The. Brown Swiss CA$ includes only sire calving ease and daughter calving ease. For the remaining breeds, relative. NM$ and FM$ each increase by a factor of 1. CA$ is excluded. A corresponding increase of 1. CM$ for the other breeds. NM$ calculation Calculation of NM$ and reliability (REL) of NM$ can be. Holstein: Trait. PTAREL (%)Protein+7. Fat+8. 09. 0Milk+2,0. PL+2. 5. 60. SCS2. An average of 3 must be subtracted from PTA for SCS for all breeds. After subtraction, the NM$ for this example animal is $7. CM$ is $7. 36, FM$ is $6. GM$ is $6. 82. Calculation of NM$ also can be expressed in matrix form. NM$ = a. The average of 3. SCS is removed. from the corresponding element of u. Calculations are the same for males. CA$. Cow PTAs for CA$ are not available because. MGS) model (instead of an animal model) is. CA$ traits. Therefore, a pedigree index (0. PTA + 0. 2. 5 MGS. PTA + 0. 1. 25 maternal great- grandsire PTA, etc.) is substituted for PTA for all. The REL of NM$ is computed using matrix algebra. REL of the 1. 2 traits and genetic correlations among those traits. The NM$. REL is the variance of predicted NM$ divided by the variance of true NM$: REL NM$ = r. Trait parameters Genetic correlations among all traits and composites were. PTAs of Holstein bulls with high REL because restricted maximum- likelihood estimates were not. Genetic correlations are above the diagonal, phenotypic correlations. PTA traits: PTA trait. PTA trait. Milk. Fat. Protein. PLSCSBody size. Udder. Feet/legs. DPRHCRCCRCA$Milk. Expected genetic. Correlations of PTAs for each trait with NM$, FM$, CM$, and GM$ were obtained. Holstein bulls born from 2. Bulls were. required to have an REL of at least 8. Correlations with NM$ based on the 2. PTA trait. Correlation of PTA with index. Expected genetic progress from NM$2. NM$2. 01. 4 NM$2. CM$2. 01. 4 FM$2. GM$PTA change/year. Breeding value change/decade. Protein. 0. 4. 90. Fat. 0. 5. 90. 7. Milk. 0. 3. 40. 4. PL0. 8. 00. 6. 80. SCS. Expected PTA progress was obtained as. PTA with NM$ multiplied by the SD of PTA multiplied by 0. SD of NM$. Genetic trend (change in breeding value) equals twice the expected progress for PTA. Thus, multiplication. PTA gain by 2. 0 gives expected genetic progress per decade. Derivation of economic values Primary differences in economic values for grazing versus confinement herds are 2. Gay et al, 2. 01. Economic values for other traits in GM$ were mainly the same as in NM$. The derivation of economic values is shown below for fertility traits, yield traits, SCS, and PL. Derivation of economic values for CA$ and for udder, feet/legs, and body size composites are described in historical reports for previous net merit revisions (Van. Raden and Multi- State Project S- 1. Cole et al., 2. 00. Fertility traits Measures of fertility in merit indexes now include HCR and CCR along with DPR. Separating the benefits from CCR and DPR is not simple because the 2 traits overlap. Both are major components of PL, but the benefits from more lactations are already included in the PL economic value. Economic values were obtained with the following assumptions. Numbers of services were assumed to average 1. Semen price ($1. 5/unit), insemination labor costs ($5/unit), and heat detection labor and supplies ($5 for heifers and $7 for cows) were assumed to be proportional to the number of services. Synchronization costs are higher than simple heat detection and range from $1. Stevenson, 2. 01. Pregnancy checks ($1. For heifers, each 1% increase in HCR should decrease age at first calving by 1. A cost of $2. 1. 0/day was assumed for calving after the optimum age (Wilson, 2. Losses from culling heifers for poor fertility should be included in HCR because PL does not include those losses. If heifers are culled after 5 unsuccessful services, (1 – 0. HCR. Alternatively, natural service might be used for problem breeders, but with potentially higher cost than for artificial insemination. When infertile heifers are culled at about 1,0. Total value of HCR including age at first calving, insemination costs, heat detection, pregnancy checks, and reproductive culling was $2. For cows, reduced profit from lactations longer or shorter than optimum was estimated to be $0. Poor cow fertility is correlated with other unmeasured health expenses, and $0. The economic loss for 1 day open is then converted to DPR by multiplying by . Numbers of calves born increase with both DPR and PL. At a constant PTA PL, 1% higher DPR results in about 1% more calves per lifetime with an average value of $1. PTA unit of DPR. Per lactation costs for CCR and days open are converted to lifetime values by multiplying by 2. Total value of CCR was 2. Total value of DPR was 2. The combined emphasis of 1. DPR in the 2. 01. NM$. The milk price after hauling charges was equal to $1. Component prices follow. NM$ held constant; values. The new USDA Margin Protection Program calculates feed cost as 1. Using projected prices of $4. By participating in the program, producers can insure that their margin between milk and feed price does not become too narrow. The feed cost for milk volume accounts for the $0. A cost of $0. 0. 02 for bulk tank, equipment, and. Total feed costs were divided into costs for milk, fat, and protein using the approach of Dado et al. Extra health costs equal 8% of the milk price based on a literature review conducted by A. J. Seykora (2. 00. The other traits in NM$ such as PL and DPR. Udder composite and SCS account for about half of the mastitis and discarded milk costs. The. residual antagonistic genetic correlations between milk and health traits. Examples of research studies that estimated. Dunklee et al. The studies indicate that higher milk yield is more correlated than fat or protein yield to increased health costs and also to poorer heat tolerance (Bohmanova et al., 2. FAQs. Got a question that is troubling you about Milk Glass? Sometimes, I have found a piece I like, such as an animal covered dish for example, but in clear or colored transparent glass instead of milk glass. Should I buy it anyway? Or is it forbidden in a milk glass collection? I know the Mc. Kee animal covered dishes are rare, high priced, and highly collectible, but have been warned about getting fooled by reproductions. When they are not signed, how can I be sure whether it is an original or a copy? I've been told it is important to have a reference library of books on milk glass, but I cannot afford to buy all of them. If I am limited to affording only two or three, which ones would you recommend? This question is in two parts, but they are somewhat related. I am often concerned that I may be paying a high price for a piece which I later find is not an authentic original. On the other hand, I am equally dubious about buying a piece which I am sure is an original (a signed Mc. Kee, for example) but which has damage. Can you advise me on these two dilemmas? What about all the milk glass reproductions that keep appearing not only from American glass companies but from Asia and Europe too? Some of them I don't like because they are of poor quality, but others I find quite attractive and wonder if I would be considered foolish to include them with the authentic pieces in my collection. I would like to know from some advanced collectors what bits of advice they consider to be near the top of the list to help beginners like me from saying later, Oh, why didn't someone tell me that when I was just starting to collect! How much importance should one place on patent dates and on signatures or trademarks that are sometimes found on milk glass pieces? For a beginner with limited means but with a real love of milk glass and a desire to build a collection, how do you suggest I satisfy that desire with very modest financial resources? Even though I've been collecting for less than a year, I am already running across pieces I already have. If I see one at a bargain price, I'm tempted to buy it, but what's the point of having duplicates when I really don't plan to get involved in the bother of selling them? In the NMGCS QUESTIONNAIRE included in the December issue of the newsletter, one of the questions concerned why we collect milk glass - as a hobby, an investment, or both. I think the best answer would be . Since then, I've been tying to learn more about it, but people I speak to do not have a high opinion of Milk Glass. Are my plates true Milk Glass? Does it encompass just animal dishes or is tableware included? Someone told me my pieces are MONAX. Is that the name of a company, or a style, or a type of Milk Glass? I began collecting toothpick holders exclusively - they don't take up much space, there are a lot of them around, and they usually are affordable. Trouble is that lately I find myself tempted to buy plates and platters, compotes and covered dishes. Kemple made no glass in clear or frosted crystal. This came as a surprise to me. A few years ago I purchased a horse on a nest . The rays on the bottom of the dish and the stippling on the under rim of the top appear to be Kemple. One of the Tips given in the March issue of the newsletter was to check the value of one's collection every year to make sure the insurance coverage is adequate. How exactly does one determine the value? I am frustrated every time I hear of others making some great find of rare pieces which I have never even seen, except for pictures in the books. Why is some Westmoreland not marked? Does no marking on glass mean it is lesser quality by unknown company? Does the size of Hobnails reveal company origin? For example, one of my Westmoreland marked pieces has graduated size of Hobnails, but some other pieces unmarked have uniform Hobnails. Does color and weight indicate value or manufacturer or origin? I have several pieces of glassware I plan to keep, but wanted to get a ballpark of what they are worth. I have exhausted local bookstore references and found clues as to how to describe them, but not the actual pieces. Any ideas how to get this info? Question: Sometimes, I have found a piece I like, such as an animal covered dish for example, but in clear or colored transparent glass instead of milk glass. Should I buy it anyway? Or is it forbidden in a milk glass collection? Answer: Well, if you are a purist, naturally it doesn't belong. But I myself am not afraid to venture away from milk glass occasionally. If a piece I know to be rare or hard to find in milk glass comes along in clear or colored transparent, I will buy it anyway. Just knowing you have a rarity and can admire it is almost as satisfying as having it in milk glass, at least until a milk glass one comes along. I also find that several such pieces add a bit of colorful contrast and can really enhance your milk glass display. When they are not signed, how can I be sure whether it is an original or a copy? Answer: There are some helpful guides to assist you. Read pages 1. 56- 1. Fersons' Yesterday's Milk Glass Today, for an excellent overview. But be sure to check your general Index of Opaque News, however, because there are other views of possibly variant Mc. Kee bases, many of which are not signed. Of course, these written descriptions will make sense only after you have handled the real thing. It was only after I started buying the old and comparing with newer pieces that the differences started to sink in. And here's a bit of general advice you will hear over and over again in answer to all of your questions as a beginner: there is nothing that will help you more than talking with reputable dealers and developing friendships with knowledgeable advanced collectors. If I am limited to affording only two or three, which ones would you recommend? Answer: To start with, you really do not have to own all the reference books. Don't overlook the resources of your local library and the library exchange network for books not in your local branch. Your reference librarian will help you. And do not forget our Society's own excellent collection which makes books and periodicals available on loan to members upon request. But as for a few basic reference books that really are essential to own and have ready at hand at all times, no one will question that the most extensive, reliable, and informative is Regis and Mary Ferson's Yesterday's Milk Glass Today. Published in 1. 98. Collectibles. Because three earlier books are so frequently cited by the author's initial . Belknap, Milk Glass (1. S. Millard, Opaque Glass (3rd ed., 1. Edwin G. Warman, Milk Glass Addenda (3rd ed., 1. They are all out of print. Of the three, Belknap's pioneering work with splendid photographs is somewhat easier to find. This book is most beloved by long time collectors because for many years it was almost their only resource. Among recent publications, Collector Book's Encyclopedia of Milk Glass by Betty and Bill Newbound (1. Beginners will find it especially useful and appealing. I am often concerned that I may be paying a high price for a piece which I later find is not an authentic original. On the other hand, I am equally dubious about buying a piece which I am sure is an original (a signed Mc. Kee, for example) but which has damage. Can you advise me on these two dilemmas? Answer: Your first question is one not only beginners but long- time collectors must struggle with. Those who are daring and who in the past have lost out on a great piece, passing it up only to find later that it was indeed genuine, may tell you it is worth taking a chance when in doubt. My own view is that if you find a piece you are suspicious of as to its age, the correct match of a base and a cover, authentic color, and so forth, a good rule of thumb is, . There are collectors who insist upon absolutely perfect specimens. Most soon learn, however, that such insistence is likely to prove futile, especially as the older glass has often been put to practical use, not simply set on shelf display, so finding it in 'mint' condition is most difficult. In my opinion, if you find a rare piece that you truly admire but which has some damage, then don't pass it up. Of course, the piece should be priced accordingly. Some of them I don't like because they are of poor quality, but others I find quite attractive and wonder if I would be considered foolish to include them with the authentic pieces in my collection. Answer: This is a decision entirely up to each individual. I myself have never excluded them from my collection. In fact, some of them are among my favorite pieces. Collecting them may also be something to consider if you think of your collection as an investment. Some of the newly made animal dishes I bought when I had a gift shop, from 1. Westmoreland's animal covered dishes are a good example. I hear this expressed so often from friends who go to auctions and are amazed at the high bids on these pieces. This isn't true only of milk glass, of course. Many other types of glass, as well as most other collectibles, like Iron Banks, Tiffany- type lamps, and other desirable old pieces are being reproduced, delighting some collectors and infuriating others. If you want to keep abreast of what's . As for learning to spot reproductions for yourself, just visit your local Gift Shops, Malls, and major Department Stores that carry new glass. A little effort on your part and you can soon become an expert on the subject. Perhaps in a future issue we might create such a list, the Ten Commandments for beginning milk glass collectors. If I had to give just one piece of advice, however, it would be Keep a Record! Half the fun for me is remembering the circumstances under which I found a great piece. Ask the seller where it came from, and write it down. Keep that information in your inventory as well. I carry mine with me to avoid buying duplicates. You can not imagine what a problem that can be when your collection has grown into the hundreds of pieces.
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